SACRAMENTO, Calif. 鈥 A mountain of evidence shows police often fail to respond properly to people experiencing a mental health crisis. It can lead to avoidable deaths and criminalization of mental illness, especially among people of color.
A poll commissioned by Public Health Advocates, a Davis-based health policy nonprofit, showed that want behavioral health professionals to be part of the emergency response in non-life-threatening situations. Among seven types of situations potentially warranting emergency response, voters think law enforcement agencies are least equipped to respond to calls about mental health crises and people who are unhoused, according to the May 24 poll.
鈥淧olice response has become the oversized band-aid for something the band-aid was never designed to cover or heal,鈥 said Ryan McClinton, who manages Public Health Advocates鈥 First Response Transformation Campaign.
His group and like-minded advocates in California are stepping up a campaign to overhaul the state鈥檚 911 system so more mental health professionals and others with specialized training handle many emergencies, rather than the police.
Law enforcement officials agree that 911 response merits a more nuanced approach. But powerful police unions are against proposals that might reduce their control over 911 operations, and the budget and staff that go with them. Police representatives contacted said they favored alternatives that would supplement the current system rather than supplant it, and that would keep overall responsibility for 911 with police departments.
鈥淥ur 911 dispatchers do an amazing job and are the perfect people to handle those in crisis,鈥 said Tim Davis, president of the Sacramento Police Officers Association, a union. 鈥淚t is imperative that 911 remain under the direction of the police department, as the majority of the calls they receive are for police services.鈥
McClinton, however, said emergency response systems are outdated and in need of transformation. In many California counties, change is already underway. Forty-one of the state鈥檚 58 counties have some form of mobile crisis services in which mental health workers go out and address crisis needs in the community, according to a survey conducted by the County Behavioral Health Directors Association of California.
Michelle Cabrera, executive director of CBHDA, said that by next year all California counties will have mobile crisis services up and running.
Established in 1968, 911 was . However, it quickly became an all-purpose system for routing a much broader set of calls to police.
Californians now 911 calls annually. Nationally, as many as 15% are for behavioral health emergencies, according to a .
Andrea Rivera, a legislative health advocate, said 911 centers today are inundated with calls that aren鈥檛 necessarily emergencies 鈥 an influx the system wasn鈥檛 built to handle.
鈥911 has become a catchall,鈥 said Rivera, who works for the California Pan-Ethnic Health Network. 鈥淲hile it might be unfair to law enforcement, which doesn鈥檛 have the capacity or training, it’s particularly unfair for the community members that don’t feel like they have someone to turn to.鈥
Alternative approaches vary widely across the state. Santa Clara County, for example, has five mobile response teams that can respond to 911 calls, and can also be deployed by dispatchers at 988, the national Suicide & Crisis Lifeline.
Some teams are made up of clinicians and other trained professionals who can provide peer support. Some respond alongside police, while others arrive wearing plainclothes in a non-police vehicle.
Sandra Hernandez, a division director of Behavioral Health Services in Santa Clara County, said the program is in its infancy but has been effective so far. One surprising takeaway she noted was how much community members appreciated being able to ask for help without emergency vehicles arriving at their doorstep and alerting nosy neighbors to a moment of crisis.
Hernandez recalled one letter her team received from a grateful resident: 鈥淢y neighbors didn鈥檛 even know. They thought I had company.鈥
Cities in Oregon, New Mexico, and Colorado have similar programs.
Advocates point to cases like that of Jaime Naranjo, a Sacramento County resident who was shot and killed by police last year at his home. Naranjo鈥檚 wife, Elisa Naranjo, said her husband was suicidal and had been experiencing delusions and carrying a machete when she called 911 for help.
Sacramento has a Mobile Crisis Support Team, but it’s not 24/7 and Elisa called 911 outside its hours of operation. The Sacramento County Sheriff鈥檚 Office said that when police arrived the deputy told Naranjo to drop the weapon, but he did not comply. That, the Sheriff鈥檚 Office said, is when Naranjo advanced on the deputy, who shot and killed him.
In California, proposed legislation would make alternative response a statewide requirement. State Sen. Aisha Wahab鈥檚 SB 402, which is championed by Public Health Advocates, would to dispatch professionals other than armed police officers for calls related to mental health or homelessness.
This approach is akin to the role 988 was meant to fill, Wahab said, but low awareness of the 988 number has been a barrier to effectiveness.
Wahab introduced an alternative response program three years ago in Hayward, while on its City Council, and said its success inspired her to draft the legislation. She said the bill, whose fate won鈥檛 be decided until next year, is a priority for her but acknowledged it would be complicated to enact changes statewide.
Police union representatives said they supported the idea of alternative response in principle.
鈥淥ur members are not mental health professionals,鈥 said Alexa Pratt, the communications director for the Association of Orange County Deputy Sheriffs. 鈥淲e agree that law enforcement should not be the lead addressing mental health calls but should be there to assist in these programs.鈥
Tom Saggau, a San Jose Police Officers鈥 Association spokesperson, referenced a pilot program in San Jose of which police were initially skeptical, until they saw how sharing the burden of emergency call response eased their workload. The program has grown sixfold in eight years.
Saggau, who also represents the Los Angeles Police Protective League, a union, said Los Angeles has drafted a list of 28 types of calls that could be diverted to other initial responders and don鈥檛 require a police presence.
Still, police departments are protective of their control over 911 and associated personnel and funding.
Saggau criticized proposals to restructure 911 as outgrowths of the 鈥渄efund the police鈥 movement and voiced frustration that some advocates think supporting alternative response requires a redistribution of police budgets.
The push to defund the police, which gained international momentum after George Floyd鈥檚 murder in 2020, refers to away from police departments to other government agencies that support social services.
鈥淚t鈥檚 not an either-or,鈥 Saggau said. 鈥淵ou can have a fully staffed, robust police department and you can also have a robust alternative response model.鈥
Wahab believes it鈥檚 critical to ensure all cities and counties have clinicians and other unarmed emergency responders on hand.
鈥淚t鈥檚 very simple,鈥 Wahab said. 鈥淵ou save lives by having the appropriate response to a crisis.鈥
This article was produced by 蘑菇影院 Health News, which publishes , an editorially independent service of the .听
